Zusammenfassung: Schaefer's model on the exploitation of a single species fish community obeying the logistic law of growth has been modified by adopting an alternative functional form for the harvest rate. The stability of the nontrivial steady state is discussed. The existence of a bionomic equilibrium is proved. The problem for optimal exploitation of the fishery is studied by using variational calculus. Some results are numerically computed to make a comparative study of Schaefer's model and the present one.

Zusammenfassung: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) escapements in natural streams are often determined by conducting fence counts in conjunction with mark-recapture operations. Typical field conditions are characterized by protracted floods, undetected immigration, variation in sampling rates, mortality during the census periods, small sample sizes, and few successive recaptures. Closed population models tend to overestimate escapement under such conditions, and traditional open population models cannot always be relied on due to the lack of sufficient data. A likelihood-based estimation method was specifically designed for such conditions. A distinguishing feature of this model is that individual recapture histories are not required for parameter estimation. The model is also structured to incorporate ancillary data in the estimation process to improve the precision and accuracy of the estimates. The model is described in detail, and suggestions are made to facilitate its application.

Zusammenfassung: Often only simple relative abundance time series and basic growth and (or) survival estimates are available for assessing impacts of fishing and environmental factors. Assessment then involves fitting production models to the series, while forcing the model with observed catch or effort series. A key uncertainty in this approach is how to deal with recruitment variations due to factors other than stock size. A dynamic programming algorithm can be used to compute maximum likelihood estimates of the recruitment anomaly sequence, given prior knowledge of growth parameters, the natural survival rate, and proportion of the variation in the relative abundance index that is due to abundance measurement errors.

Zusammenfassung: Nach dem Rückgang der saprobiellen Belastung der Fließgewässer treten andere Belastungsformen, wie strukturelle Defizite oder toxische Belastungen deutlich hervor. Daher legte die Europäische Gemeinschaft den Entwurf einer EU-Richtlinie zur ökologischen Qualität von Gewässern vor, in welcher den Mitgliedstaaten eine Überwachung der ökologischen Qualität von Fließgewässern vorgeschrieben wird. Gute ökologische Qualität wird darin anhand überwiegend biologischer Kriterien nach dem Prinzip der Naturnähe definiert. Ausgehend von dieser Richtlinie entwarf die Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg (LfU) ein Strategiepapier zur ökologischen Fließgewässerbewertung, welches die Grundsätze eines möglichen Verfahrens vorschlägt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Literaturstudie war es, Informationen über geplante und angewandte Verfahren, vor allem der Länder der EU, auszuwerten und die erfaßten Verfahren dahingehend zu überprüfen, ob sie für die im Strategiepapier der LfU skizzierte “integrierte ökologische Fließgewässerbewertung” neue Aspekte enthalten, die dafür berücksichtigt werden sollten. Zur Durchführung der Literaturstudie wurden verschiedene Datenbanken abgefragt und zahlreiche Experten befragt. Insgesamt wurden über 800 Literaturzitate ermittelt und ca. 500 davon beschafft. Die gefundenen Verfahren zur Bewertung von Fließgewässern wurden nach den Zielsetzungen und zugrunde liegenden Prinzipien geordnet und kurz nach folgendem Katalog characterisiert: Verfahren, Ziel, Region, Prinzip, Bewertungskriterium, Ergebnis, Methodik, Indikatorgruppen bzw. Parameter, Bestimmungsniveau, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen sowie Bemerkungen. Auf diese Übersicht aufbauend wurden anschließend allgemeine Anforderungen an eine ökologische Fließgewässerbewertung formuliert und Empfehlungen für deren Durchführung ausgesprochen.

Zusammenfassung: Multispecies virtual population analysis is an attempt to take species interactions into account when assessing the status of fish stocks. It was introduced primarily with the aim of lowering the uncertainty in the natural mortality rate as used in single species VPA and to take account of variability between years and ages by calculating inside the model the part of the mortality rate caused by predation. The output of the MSVPA is therefore – in addition to stock sizes and fishing mortality rates as in single species VPA and intraspecific – and possible species replacement are not considered and neither is predation on larvae and prerecruits. The potential relevance of multispecies models lies in long-term forecasts since short-term forecasts from multi- and single species models differ only slightly. In making long-term forecasts, predicting recruitment is of fundamental importance and the value of MSVPA in throwing light on the processes governing recruitment is limited. MSVPA is concerned primarily with calculating postrecruitment mortalities, and although in principle there is nothing to prevent prerecruitment predation mortalities being calculated, such estimates are not likely to be reliable or useful. Predation on the larval stages can be of major importance in determining recruitment but is not addressed in the MSVPA. Thus, it is quite possible that processes which are not dealt with in the MSVPA are much more important in determining the future of the fisheries. In view of all this uncertainty, it is inevitable that it will be questioned whether multispecies management advice is superior to single species advice.